![]() Hol consumption may not pose a risk to patients with CKD, the patients’ condition needs to be considered.Ĭonsumption of even small amounts of alcohol can be associated with increased death risk. Because alcohol consumptionĬan lead to adverse events, we do not advise non-drinkers to start to drink. Considering the benefits of light-to-moderate alcohol consumption, we recommend thatĬKD patients continue light-to-moderate drinking, which is beneficial to them. ![]() In addition, the design itself of the clinical studies can also produce conflicting interpreta. Possible reason for this contradictory conclusion is the complex drinking pattern of humans and some bio-Īctivators in wine. Inconsistencies between experimental and clinical studies on alcohol consumption and kidney damage. This article reviews the current knowledge of the pathophysiology CKD-related anemia, current and future therapies, the trends in patient management and the unmet goals.Įxcessive drinking of alcohol is becoming a worldwide problem, and people have recognized that there existsĪ close relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and alcohol consumption. On the other hand, recent clinical trials have elucidated important aspects of iron supplementation, which may change the treatment targets in the future. Some of them have already received marketing authorization. These agents induce, among other effects, an increase in the production of endogenous EPO, improve iron availability and reduce hepcidin levels. ![]() On the one hand, a novel family of drugs has been developed: the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs). Nonetheless, in the last years, there have been some remarkable advances in the treatment of CKD-related anemia, which have raised great expectations. ![]() However, these treatments have associated risks, and sometimes are insufficiently effective. Patients are most commonly managed with oral or intravenous iron supplements and with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA). They include a decrease in endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production, absolute and/or functional iron deficiency, and inflammation with increased hepcidin levels, among others. ![]() The mechanisms involved in anemia associated to CKD are diverse and complex. Anemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a reduced quality of life, and an increased morbidity and mortality. ![]()
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January 2023
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